written report by Eloi Casis
- Roots : Stone Age and Oriental Psychology
– the beginning happened in the east; the earliest civilization
– Stone Age: Trephination – this process of opening the skull to release the spirit that disturbs the patient was performed during the stone age;
– The oldest evidence that human behavior problem was attributable to supernatural cases such as possession of spirits that causes disturbance to the patient
– Mesopotamian Psychology(3300 BC) – beliefs of people were based on the wills of the Gods and goddesses; Shamans/Priests are considered the earliest Psychologists, for they are the ones who were being consulted when someone is mentally ill and they can interpret the wills of the Gods; Code of Hammurabi contains rules on how people should behave and live life.
– Egyptian Psychology (2900 BC) – Mummification - Egyptians are known for this process, because they believe that the corpse after purification by prayer and magic formula can be transformed into an incorruptible and glorified body, the sahu. The Ka was regarded as the life-force or soul. Popular philosophers and thinkers was reported to study in Egypt.
– Hebrew Psychology – the concept of immortal soul was introduced. It is said that after the body died, the spirit can still be called by witchcraft to appear.
– Hindu Psychology (2500 BC) –
- the 4 Vedas; the belief in reincarnation and the cycle of time; the four main Castes, Karma – one’s good or bad actions
- Buddhism
- The 4 noble truths: Dukha (suffering), Samudaya (arising of suffering: e.g. craving), Nirodha or nibbana (Cessation of suffering), Magga (path leading to cessation of suffering)
- The 8 fold path: Buddhist psychology recognizes a subconscious life distinct from waking consciousness; dream analysis which later becomes basis of psychoanalytic theories.
- Chinese Psychology
- Zodiac signs which tells corresponding personalities, the five elements: fire, wood, metal, water, earth.
- Yin-Yang - balance of nature
- Confucius – the golden rule: “What you do not want done to you, do not do to others”
- Trunk: Greek Psychology and Medieval Psychology
– Pre-Socratic Philosophers
- Thales – predicted the eclipse; measured heights of pyramids
- Anaximander – his theory preceded the evolution theory of Darwin; all life comes from the sea
- Anaximenes – all things come from air
- Phytagoras – mathematical relationships; relationship between the harmonies of music and the harmony of a person’s interior life; Music is highly therapeutic for certain nervous disorders.
- Heraclitus- all things are in flux; the process of change is not a haphazard movement but the product of God’s universal reason (logos)
- Parmenides – founder of formal logic; truth could be reached through abstract thought alone
- Democritus- knowledge is derived from sense perception; all things consisted of atoms and their combinations accounted for all change in nature.
- The Sophists (Intellectuals)
- Protagoras – man is the measure of all things
- Gorgias – denied that there is truth at all for all the ff reasons: 1. nothing exists, 2. is anything exists it is incomprehensible,3. That even if it is comprehensible, symbols or signs and no symbol can ever be the same as the thing it symbolizes
- Thrasymachus –might is right; what is “right’ is the same everywhere; the interest of the stronger party
- Socrates – he created the conception of Soul, the psyche – the capacity for intelligence and character; it is a person’s conscious personality; the structure of personality
- Hippocrates - mental disorders had natural causes and required treatments like other diseases; importance of heredity and disposition; dreams are important in understanding a patient’s personality
- Plato – Father of cognitive Psychology? ; Truth resides in the world of ideas or forms, not in the world made known through the senses; human behavior flows from 3 main sources: desire, emotion, knowledge
- Aristotle – Father of empirical Psychology? ; his collection of writings titled Peri psyches are particularly significant to psychology because it is here that Aristotle laid the foundation for the empirical study of psychology by future generations.
- Pyrrho – founder of Skepticism, also known as Pyrrhonism; Skepticism is not a denial of the possibility of finding truth nor it is denial of the basic facts of human experience.
- Medieval Psychology
- St. Agustine – first great Christian philosopher; humans are made in such a way that when the aye of one’s body sees an object, the mind can form an image of it provided the object is bathed in light. (Illumination)
- Avicenna – the three ventricles of the brain performed five distinct cognitive processes. Front ventricles – puts together and stores sensory information w/o interpretation. Middle ventricle – were responsible for some of the abstraction of
meaning from the stored images. Rear ventricle - contained the single faculty of memory
- St. Thomas Aquinas – he “Christianized” the philosophy of Aristotle; conception of God existence; proof of God’s existence: 1. proof from motion 2. proof from efficient cause 3. proof from necessary vs possible being 4. proof from the degrees of perfection 5. proof from the order of the universe
- Branches: Rationalism in Europe; British Empiricism; Realism, Idealism and Association; Rise of Experimental Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Neo-Scholastic Psychology
- Rationalism in Europe
- Dualism by Rene Descartes (father of modern philosophy) – “I think therefore I am”; all he could know with certainty was the fact of his existence, and even that he knew only because he experienced not his body, but his mind. He deduced God’s existence;Psycho neuromuscular Theory – Pineal gland represents the point of interaction.
- Monism by Benedictus Spinoza – mind and matter are not two separate substances but as two aspects of one and the same substance which in itself was neutral; the ultimate reality is composed of a single substance, God
- Psychophysical Parallelism - for every mental change there is a corresponding physical one, and vice versa.
- Monadism by Gottfried W. Leibniz – suggested that the universe consists of the hierarchy of monads; Monad – was a point of force, an element of all being; which was indestructible and immutable. His influence to the modern psychology : the degree of consciousness or awareness that the monads contained; the idea of the unconscious was not Freud’s but Leibniz’; Parallelism
- British Empiricism
- John Locke: A Metaphysical Agnostic – “Tabula rasa” – There is nothing in the minds which was not previously in the senses; the mind at birth is a blank sheet.; this idea was later adopted by Skinner.
- George Berkely: Metaphysical Idealist – “To be, is to be perceived”; has been accused of Solipsism, the belief that I alone exist and the world is a figment of my subjective imagination.
- David Hume: A Metaphysical Skeptic - all knowledge originates from impressions, experience; Cause and effect relation ship - argues that these two doest not exist by necessity; every effect is a distinct event form its cause.
-Realism, Idealism and Association
- Scottish Faculty Psychology by Thomas Reid - he endeavored to counteract the phenomenalism to which the sensationalist theories were tending by developing a “new realism founded on the common sense of mankind”
- the Rise of German Psychology by Immanuel Kant – distinguished the “transcendental ego” from the “empirical or phenomenal self”, relegated empirical psychology to a branch of anthropology; concluded that since all science is essentially mathematical and since mathematical methods could not be applied to the study of mind, psychology could never become a genuine science.
- Associationism by James Mill- described sensations and ideas as the two primary state of consciousness; these were mechanically linked by association, now reduced to single principle – “order of occurrence”.; Hedonistic theory of Jeremy Benthan – human actions are motivated solely by pleasure and pain.
- Rise of Experimental Psychology
- F. J. Gall – localize the various faculties of the mind in specific parts of the brain
- M. Flourens – series of experimental studies of the brain in which by extirpating different parts that each had an action commune as well as an action proper
- Alexander Bain – “the time had come when the new discoveries of the physiologists should find an appropriate place in the Science of the Mind.
- Experimental study of sensation: - Galileo’s discovery of the dependence of audible pitch on the frequency of the vibrations and Newton’s discovery of the laws of color mixture marked the beginnings of a realization that sensory experience is systematically related to the physical characteristics of the stimulus.
- H. L. F. von Helmholtz – he made the most important factual contributions to experimental psychology and the first to make experiments on reaction times and determine the rated of conduction in nerves.
- W. Wundt – Psychology shows how experience can be analyzed into specific elements and how by a process of “creative synthesis” they can be combined into “psychic resultants” and what are the laws of combination
Evolutionary Psychology
- Herbert Spencer – set out to depict evolution as the key to both inorganic, and organic nature in his “synthetic Philosophy” ; for him, Biology as the science of life, applies these principles to the general development of living organisms, and psychology, as the science of mental life, applies them to mind, thus becoming itself a branch of biology rather than a mere branch of philosophy or physiology.
- Charles Robert Darwin – “natural selection”; he proved that not only physical attributes of a man but also his intellectual, emotional, and moral faculties, have evolved from those of lower animals and obey same laws of variation and heredity.
- Sir Francis Galton – founder of Individual Psychology; introduced variety of techniques, such as mental tests, psychological questionnaires, statistical analysis, correlational procedures.
Neoscholastic Psychology
- F. Brentano – revived the scholastic doctrines of “intention” ad “inexistence”.
- A. Meinong – theory of consciousness has 3 terms: “act”, “content”, and “object”
Functional Psychology (William James and James Ward)
- the associationists had approached psychology from an intellectualist standpoint and were chiefly concerned with analyzing the mind into sensory elements and describing its structure.
- The theory of evolution led naturally to a study of mind from a more practical standpoint, emphasizing function rather than structure and preaching a dynamic rather than a merely analytics psychology
D. Leaves: 20th Century Psychology: Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, and Psychoanalysis
Behaviorism
From early psychology in the 19th century, the behaviorist school of thought ran concurrently and shared commonalities with the psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements in psychology into the 20th century; but also differed from the mental philosophy of the Gestalt psychologists in critical ways.[citation needed] Its main influences were Ivan Pavlov, who investigated classical conditioning, Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. Watson who rejected introspective methods and sought to restrict psychology to experimental methods, and B.F. Skinner who conducted research on operant conditioning.[3]3^ a b Fraley, LF (2001). "Strategic interdisciplinary relations between a natural science community and a psychology community" (pdf). The Behavior Analyst Today Behaviorism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gestalt PsychologyEarly 20th century theorists, such as Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Köhler (students of Carl Stumpf) saw objects as perceived within an environment according to all of their elements taken together as a global construct. This 'gestalt' or 'whole form' approach sought to define principles of perception -- seemingly innate mental laws which determined the way in which objects were perceived. Gestalt Psychology Wikipedia, the free ncyclopedia
Psychoanalysis (or Freudian psychology)
is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and continued by others. It is primarily devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior, although it can also be applied to societies. Psychoanalysis has three applications: 1. a method of investigation of the mind and the way one thinks; 2. a systematized set of theories about human behavior; 3. a method of treatment of psychological or emotional illness.[1] ^ Moore BE, Fine BD (1968), A Glossary of Psychoanalytic terms and Concepts, Amer Psychoanalytic Assn, p. 78, ISBN 978-0318131252
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